O‘tgan zamon va O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi
Ko‘plab ingliz tilini o‘rganuvchilar o‘tgan zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi fe’l shakllari o‘rtasidagi farqni chalg‘itadi.
Buning sababini tushunish oson. Axir, fe’lning bu ikkala shakli ko‘pincha bir xil bo‘ladi.
Lekin qo‘rqmang. Men sizga yordam berish uchun shu yerman.
Ushbu maqolani oxirigacha o‘qib bo‘lgach, siz o‘tgan zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi o‘rtasida aniq farqlar borligini tushunasiz, hatto ular ko‘pincha o‘xshash ko‘rinsa ham.
O‘tgan zamon va O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi o‘rtasidagi farq
Asosan, o‘tgan zamon haqiqiy fe’l zamoni bo‘lsa, o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi uchta alohida qo‘llanilishga ega bo‘lgan fe’ldan hosil bo‘lgan shakldir.
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi fe’llari zamon emasligi sababli, ularni o‘zlari mustaqil qo‘llay olmaydi. Sizga "have" yoki "had" kabi yordamchi fe’l kerak. Shu sababli, o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi odatda qo‘shma fe’l sifatida ishlatiladi.
O‘tgan zamon esa, boshqa tomondan, biron bir harakat o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lganligini yoki oldin mavjud bo‘lganligini (lekin endi yo‘qligini) ifodalovchi kelishilgan fe’ldir.
O‘tgan zamon nima?
O‘tgan zamon ingliz tilidagi uch zamondan biridir:
- O‘tgan zamon
- Hozirgi zamon
- Kelasi zamon
Zamonlar tushunchasi fe’llarni qanday kelintirayotganimizda o‘z aksini topadi.
Bu zamonlar yana to‘rtta alohida shaklga bo‘linishi mumkin (sodd, davomli, tugallangan va tugallangan davomli). O‘tgan zamon uchun ular quyidagilardir:
- Sodd o‘tgan zamon (I went to Paris.)
- O‘tgan davomli zamon (I was studying when the phone rang.)
- O‘tgan tugallangan zamon (I had eaten lunch by 11:00.)
- O‘tgan tugallangan davomli zamon (I had been eating since I woke up last Tuesday.)
Sodd o‘tgan zamon
Siz bu zamonni harakat allaqachon sodir bo‘lgan yoki tugatilgan paytda ishlatasiz.
- I ate a chicken sandwich.
- I went on a cruise last summer.
O‘tgan davomli zamon
Biz bundan o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lgan, lekin hali ham davom etayotgandek bo‘lgan narsaga murojaat qilish uchun foydalanamiz (odatda boshqa voqea kontekstida).
- I was eating a chicken sandwich when he called me.
- Sara was sunbathing when the rainstorm started.
"-ing" fe’li bizga sodir bo‘layotgan harakat tasvirini beradi, "was" esa bu o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lganligini anglatadi.
O‘tgan tugallangan zamon
Biz odatda buni belgilangan vaqtdan yoki boshqa voqeadan oldin allaqachon tugatilgan voqealar haqida gapirish uchun ishlatamiz.
- I had eaten a chicken sandwich that my mother had made for me.
- The package had been delivered before I got home.
"had" fe’li va "eaten" (bu sifatdoshi shakli) o‘ziga xos fe’l shaklining birgalikdagi qo‘llanilishi bu o‘tgan tugallangan zamonda ekanligini aytadi.
O‘tgan tugallangan davomli zamon
Nihoyat, biz bu fe’l shaklidan boshqa voqea sodir bo‘lgunga qadar hali ham davom etayotgan harakatni ko‘rsatish uchun foydalanamiz.
- I had been eating chicken sandwiches from the local diner until I learned to cook on my own.
- She had been studying for hours before she finally understood the concept.
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi nima?
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi — ingliz tilidagi ikkita sifatdoshdan biri — uchta qo‘llanilishga ega bo‘lgan fe’lga asoslangan so‘z shaklidir:
- tugallangan zamonlarni hosil qilish uchun
- sifat sifatida
- majhul nisbatni hosil qilish uchun
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi va O‘tgan tugallangan zamon
O‘tgan tugallangan fe’l birikmasini hosil qilish uchun sizga yordamchi fe’l (had) va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi so‘zi kerak, masalan, quyidagi misollarda:
- She had already eaten dinner when I arrived at her house.
- The train had departed by the time we reached the station.
- They had finished the project before the deadline.
- By the time he woke up, his friends had already left .
- The movie had already started when we got to the theater.
Ko‘rib turganingizdek, ushbu misollarning bir nechtasida "had" va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi o‘rtasida ba’zan "already" kabi ravish bo‘lishi mumkin.
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi va Majhul nisbat
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshidan majhul nisbatni hosil qilish uchun ham foydalanish mumkin. Bu shakl ko‘pincha ilmiy yozuvlarda yoki gapning vositasini/yoki asosiy harakatni bajaruvchi shaxs yoki narsani kamroq ta’kidlash uchun ishlatiladi.
Majhul nisbatni hosil qilish uchun o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi "was" yoki "were" bilan birgalikda ishlatiladi.
- The car was driven by Max.
- The houses were built in the 19th century.
- The painting was admired by many visitors at the art exhibition.
- The project was completed ahead of schedule.
Siz faol va majhul nisbat o‘rtasidagi farqlar haqidagi xotirangizni shu yerda yangilashingiz mumkin.
Sifat sifatida O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshini sifat sifatida ham ishlatish mumkin. Buning uchun ular o‘tgan tugallangan zamondagi shakli bilan aynan bir xil shaklda bo‘ladi.
- The broken vase lay shattered on the floor.
- The excited children ran to the playground.
- The stolen jewels were recovered by the police.
- She was wearing a beautiful embroidered dress.
- The exhausted hiker collapsed onto the ground.
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshini hosil qilish
O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshini hosil qilish juda oson, faqat bir qancha tartibsiz shakllar mavjudligidan tashqari.
Tartibli o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlari
Aksariyat fe’llar uchun, fe’lning sodd o‘tgan zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllari bir xil bo‘ladi, shuning uchun siz ularni qanday hosil qilishni allaqachon bilishingiz mumkin.
Faqat "-ed" qo‘shimchasini qo‘shing (yoki agar so‘z allaqachon "e" bilan tugasa, "-d").
| Infinitiv (Tartibli fe’l) | O‘tgan zamon va O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi | Misol gap |
|---|---|---|
| dream | dreamed | Last night, I dreamed about flying through the clouds. |
| learn | learned | In college, I learned how to speak French fluently. |
| listen | listened | Yesterday, I listened to my favorite podcast while I was cooking dinner. |
| nap | napped | After lunch, I napped for an hour to recharge my energy. |
| play | played | We played board games all night during the weekend. |
| talk | talked | Last week, we talked for hours about our childhood memories. |
| travel | traveled | They traveled to Europe last summer and explored many beautiful cities. |
| walk | walked | She walked along the beach and enjoyed the soothing sound of the waves. |
| watch | watched | We watched a thrilling movie at the cinema last night. |
Tartibsiz o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlari
Biroq, ba’zi boshqa o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlari boshqacha shakllanadi va ba’zilari o‘tgan zamon shakllariga o‘xshamaydi.
Tartibsiz sifatdoshlar ma’lum bir naqshga amal qilmaydi va "-en," "-n," "-ne" va "-t" kabi turli xil tugashlarga ega bo‘lishi mumkin.
| Infinitiv (Tartibsiz fe’l) | O‘tgan zamon | Misol gap |
|---|---|---|
| awake | awoke | She awoke to the sound of birds chirping outside her window. |
| begin | began | The concert began with a dazzling light show. |
| break | broke | He accidentally broke the vase while cleaning the room. |
| come | came | The news came as a surprise to everyone. |
| choose | chose | After much contemplation, she chose the blue dress for the party. |
| do | did | Despite the challenges, they did their best to complete the project on time. |
| drink | drank | After a long day at work, he sat down and drank a refreshing glass of water. |
| drive | drove | She drove carefully along the winding mountain road. |
| eat | ate | They ate a delicious meal at their favorite restaurant. |
| fall | fell | The leaves fell from the trees as autumn arrived. |
| fly | flew | The eagle flew gracefully across the sky. |
| forget | forgot | Unfortunately, he forgot to bring his passport to the airport. |
| freeze | froze | The lake froze over during the harsh winter. |
| go | went | They went on a spontaneous road trip to explore new places. |
| grow | grew | The small seed grew into a tall and sturdy oak tree. |
| have | had | They had a wonderful time at the beach during their vacation. |
| is | was were | The weather was perfect for a picnic in the park. |
| make | made | She made a beautiful handmade card for her friend's birthday. |
| run | ran | He ran a marathon and achieved a personal best time. |
| see | saw | She saw a breathtaking sunset over the ocean. |
| sing | sang | The choir sang a captivating melody during the concert. |
| sink | sank | The ship sank after hitting an iceberg. |
| take | took | He took a photograph to capture the moment. |
| write | wrote | She wrote a heartfelt letter to express her gratitude. |
Tartibsiz o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlarini o‘rganishning eng yaxshi usuli ularni yodlashdir. Mana yana bir nechta tartibsiz fe’llarning o‘tgan va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllari.
| Infinitiv | O‘tgan zamon | O‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi |
|---|---|---|
| Awake | Awoke | Awoken |
| Drive | Drove | Driven |
| Fly | Flew | Flown |
| See | Saw | Seen |
| Take | Took | Taken |
| Forget | Forgot | Forgotten |
| Grow | Grew | Grown |
| Fall | Fell | Fallen |
| Sink | Sank | Sunk |
OK, shunchaki. Endi siz o‘tgan zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi o‘rtasidagi farqlarni bilasiz va ularni mustaqil ravishda hosil qilishni bilasiz, shunday emasmi?
Amaliyot qilish uchun, onlayn yangiliklar maqolasini toping va o‘tgan zamon yoki o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi deb o‘ylagan ba’zi so‘zlarni topishga harakat qiling. Keyin ular qaysi turdagi so‘z ekanligini taxmin qiling.
Siz shuningdek, ingliz tilidagi videolarda qo‘llanilgan misollarni topishingiz mumkin. Ular qanday va qachon hosil qilinganiga diqqat bilan quloq soling.
Lingflix haqiqiy videolarni — musiqiy videolar, film treylerlari, yangiliklar va ilhomlantiruvchi suhbatlar kabi — oladi va ularni shaxsiylashtirilgan til o‘rganish darslariga aylantiradi.
Siz Lingflixni 2 hafta muddatga bepul sinab ko‘rishingiz mumkin. Veb-saytni tekshiring yoki iOS ilovasi yoki Android ilovasini yuklab oling.
P.S. Amaldagi chegirmamizdan foydalanish uchun shu yerni bosing! (Oy oxirida muddati tugaydi.)
Mashq mukammallik keltiradi, yoki aniqrog‘i: "Mehnatsevar mashq qilish orqali, o‘quvchi o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshini o‘zlashtirdi, yana bir bor mashq mukammallik keltiradi degan fikrni isbotladi."
Va yana bir narsa...
Agar siz ingliz tilini filmlar va onlayn media orqali o‘rganishni yoqtirsangiz, shuningdek Lingflix-ni ham tekshirishingiz kerak. Lingflix sizga mashhur tok-shoular, jozibali musiqiy videolar va qiziqarli reklamalardan ingliz tilini o‘rganish imkonini beradi, bu yerda ko‘rganingizdek:
Agar siz uni tomosha qilmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, Lingflix ilovasi ehtimol uni o‘z ichiga oladi.
Lingflix ilovasi va veb-sayti ingliz tilidagi videolarni tomosha qilishni juda osonlashtiradi. O‘zaro faol sarlavhalar mavjud. Bu siz har qanday so‘zga bosib, rasm, ta’rif va foydali misollarni ko‘rishingiz mumkinligini anglatadi.
Lingflix sizga dunyoga mashhur taniqli shaxslar bilan qiziqarli kontent o‘rganish imkonini beradi.
Misol uchun, "searching" so‘ziga bosganingizda, siz buni ko‘rasiz:
Lingflix har qanday so‘zni qidirish uchun bosish imkonini beradi.
Viktorialar bilan har qanday videodagi barcha so‘zlarni o‘rganing. O‘rganayotgan so‘zingiz uchun ko‘proq misollarni ko‘rish uchun chapga yoki o‘ngga suring.
Lingflix sizga foydali savollar va ko‘plab misollar bilan tez o‘rganishga yordam beradi. Batafsil ma’lumot.
Eng yaxshi qismi? Lingflix siz o‘rganayotgan so‘z boyligingizni eslab qoladi. Bu sizga qiyin so‘zlar bilan qo‘shimcha mashq beradi — va nima o‘rganganingizni takrorlash vaqti keldi eslatadi. Sizda chinakam shaxsiylashtirilgan tajriba mavjud.
Lingflix veb-saytidan kompyuteringizda yoki planshetingizda foydalanishni boshlang yoki, yanada yaxshisi, Lingflix ilovasini iTunes yoki Google Play do‘konidan yuklab oling. Amaldagi chegirmamizdan foydalanish uchun shu yerni bosing! (Oy oxirida muddati tugaydi.)
