Glagol “To Be” u engleskom i njegovi različiti glagolski oblici
Da li ste znali da je glagol to be najčešće korišćen glagol u engleskom? To verovatno i nije iznenađenje, budući da je—kao što ćete videti—veoma svestran (fleksibilan, može da se koristi u mnogim situacijama). Postoji samo jedan problem: to be je ujedno i najnepravilniji glagol u engleskom.
Tokom ovog posta, imaćete priliku da naučite sve različite engleske oblike glagola to be , naučite kako da koristite is , am , are i slične glagole, i pogledate neke posebne upotrebe ovog glagola i nekoliko izraza koji ga sadrže.
Uobičajeni oblici glagola “To Be”
Osnovni oblici glagola “To Be”
Glagol to be je najnepravilniji glagol u engleskom jeziku. Njegovi najosnovniji oblici uključuju infinitiv be , am , is , are , was , were , being i been .
Evo kratkog pregleda:
| Osnovni oblici glagola "To Be" | Upotrebe | Primeri |
|---|---|---|
| be | - Infinitivni oblik - Odnosi se na glagol uopšteno - Koristi se sa određenim složenim vremenima | Glagol to be je veoma važan. |
| am is are | - Sadašnja vremena glagola "to be" - "am" se koristi za prvo lice jednine - "is" se koristi za treće lice jednine - "are" se koristi za prvo lice množine, drugo lice jednine i množine i treće lice množine | I am he is she is it is we are you are they are |
| was were | - Prošla vremena glagola "to be" - "Was" se koristi za prvo i treće lice jednine - "Were" se koristi za prvo lice množine, drugo lice jednine i množine i treće lice množine | I was he was she was it was we were you were they were |
| being | - Prezent particip glagola "to be" - Koristi se u trajnim vremenima - Koristi se kao subjekat u rečenicama | I am being she was being Being a polyglot is a great asset. |
| been | - Perfekt particip glagola "to be" - Koristi se u perfektnim vremenima (has / have + perfekt particip) | I have been studying English for 10 years. |
U slučaju da se pitate da li je glagol to be oduvek bio nepravilan, pogledajte video ispod. (Spojler: Tako je bilo vekovima!)
Present Simple (Prosto sadašnje vreme)
Present Simple glagola to be izgleda ovako:
| Lična zamenica | Present Simple glagola "To Be" |
|---|---|
| I | am |
| You / We / They | are |
| He / She / It | is |
Koristite Present Simple glagola to be za:
| Upotrebe Present Simple "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Opisivanje identiteta ili karakteristika | I am a teacher. She is intelligent. |
| Izražavanje nacionalnosti ili porekla | He is Japanese. We are from Canada. |
| Pričanje o zanimanjima | She is a doctor. They are engineers. |
| Označavanje posedovanja | The book is mine. Those are your keys. |
| Pričanje o odnosima | He is my brother. She is my friend. |
| Opisivanje fizičkih ili emocionalnih stanja | I am tired. The weather is cold. |
| Pričanje o opštim istinama ili činjenicama | The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. |
| Pričanje o navikama ili rutinama | I am usually at work by 9 AM. They are always late. |
Present Continuous (Sadašnje trajno vreme)
Present Continuous glagola to be se formira tako što se samo doda being uz Present Simple:
| Lična zamenica | Present Continuous glagola "To Be" |
|---|---|
| I | am being |
| You / We / They | are being |
| He / She / It | is being |
Present Continuous se koristi da bi se:
| Upotrebe Present Continuous "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Govorilo o radnjama koje se dešavaju ili traju upravo sada | I am writing a letter. She is studying for her exams. |
| Govorilo o radnjama koje se dešavaju, ali će se u nekom trenutku zaustaviti | I am staying with a friend until I find a place to live. He is working on a project this week. |
| Govorilo o budućim dogovorima | We are meeting for lunch tomorrow. She is flying to Paris next week. |
Past Simple (Prosto prošlo vreme)
Past Simple glagola to be je veoma jednostavan. Postoje samo dva oblika:
| Lična zamenica | Past Simple glagola "To Be" |
|---|---|
| I / He / She / It | was |
| You / We / They | were |
Koristite Past Simple glagola to be da bi ste:
| Upotrebe Past Simple "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Kazali svoje ili nečije godine u prošlosti | I was five when I started learning English. He was 25 when the accident happened. |
| Govorili o preminulim osobama ili grupama koje više ne postoje | Elvis Presley was a legendary musician. The Beatles were a groundbreaking band. |
| Opisivali prošle događaje, ljude, predmete ili mesta u prošlosti | It was a very beautiful morning. He was angry at his father. The houses were huge. |
| Govorili o prošlim zanimanjima | She was a nurse before she became a social worker. My grandpa was an architect. |
| Kazali gde je neko ili nešto bilo u prošlosti | He was in the park all morning. I was home when she called. |
| Govorili o nacionalnostima u prošlosti | Grandma was Irish. The best wine I drank was from France. |
Past Continuous (Prošlo trajno vreme)
Past Continuous glagola to be se formira dodavanjem being uz Past Simple glagola:
| Lična zamenica | Past Continuous glagola "To Be" |
|---|---|
| I / He / She / It | was being |
| You / We / They | were being |
Koristite to be u Past Continuous vremenu kada želite da:
| Upotrebe Past Continuous "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Govorite o radnjama u toku u prošlosti | She was reading a book when the earthquake occurred. They were playing basketball when it started raining. |
| Govorite o dve ili više radnji koje su se dešavale u isto vreme | He was watching TV while she was cooking dinner. I was studying while my brother was playing video games. |
| Govorite o privremenim radnjama | We were living in a small apartment while our house was being renovated. He was staying with us for a week during his business trip. |
Present Perfect (Prezent perfekat)
Present Perfect glagola to be koristi to have i perfekt particip been :
| Lična zamenica | Present Perfect glagola "To Be" |
|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | have been |
| He / She / It | has been |
Koristimo ovo vreme kada treba da:
| Upotrebe Present Perfect "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Govorimo o završenim radnjama sa sadašnjim rezultatom | She has been a teacher for 15 years. They have been married since 2010. |
| Govorimo o vremenu u prošlosti koje nije precizirano, ali ima sadašnji rezultat | He has been to Japan. We have been to that museum before. |
| Govorimo o životnim iskustvima do sadašnjeg trenutka | I have been to a live concert. She has been to five different countries. |
| Govorimo o promenama ili razvoju tokom perioda koji vodi do sadašnjeg trenutka | The city has been growing rapidly over the last decade. Our team has been quite successful this season. |
| Govorimo o višestrukim pojavljivanjima stanja ili uslova tokom vremena | He has been happy since he started his new job. The children have been excited about the upcoming trip. |
Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfekat)
Past Perfect glagola to be je super jednostavan. Koristi se had been za svako lice, bilo jedninu ili množinu.
Koristite ovo vreme kada želite da:
| Upotrebe Past Perfect "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Govorite o situacijama i događajima koji su se desili pre drugih prošlih događaja | I had been a teacher for 20 years when I retired. He had been there for three hours before his girlfriend arrived. |
| Opisujete ljude, predmete i mesta u prošlosti | It had been a very beautiful place in the past, but the house looked completely abandoned. The old man had been really busy all morning. When his family arrived, he was already tired. |
| Kažete da se nešto ranije nije desilo, ali sada se desilo | I had never been to London before. (Ovo znači da ste trenutno u Londonu ili ste tek stigli odatle.) John had never been in love until he met Silvia. (Ovo znači da se zapravo zaljubio u Silviu kada su se sreli, ali pre toga nikada nije bio zaljubljen.) |
Uporedimo poslednju upotrebu Past Perfect-a sa Present Perfect-om:
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
|---|---|
| I have never been to Puerto Rico. (Još uvek, do danas, nisam putovao tamo.) | I had never been to Puerto Rico before. (Govornik je sada bio u Puerto Ricu.) |
| Mary has never been married. (Ona nije udata.) | Mary had never been married before. (Ona je sada prvi put udata.) |
Ako se Present Perfect koristi da se kaže da niste bili negde ili se nešto još nije desilo, Past Perfect nije nužno događaj ili opis "prošlost pre prošlosti". Ovo vreme nam samo govori da rečenica u Present Perfect-u više nije tačna. Situacija se promenila, i mi smo sada bili na tom mestu ili se situacija sada ostvarila.
Future Simple (Prosto buduće vreme)
Future Simple glagola to be je još jedno veoma lako vreme za učenje jer koristi will be za svako lice, bez obzira da li je jednina ili množina.
Koristimo Future Simple da bismo:
| Upotrebe Future Simple "To Be" | Primeri rečenica |
|---|---|
| Govorili o godinama i zanimanjima u budućnosti | He will be 18 next month. I will be a firefighter when I grow up. |
| Predvideli kako će nešto ili neko izgledati ili se osećati u budućnosti | It will be the tallest building in the city when it is finished. He will be very happy there. |
| Rekli da će neko biti negde u budućnosti | I will be at school at eight. She will be home soon. |
Negativni oblici glagola “To Be”
Da biste formirali negativne tvrdnje za glagole to be , sve što treba da uradite je da dodate reč not . Ako imate posla sa prostim prošlim i sadašnjim vremenima, samo je dodajte na kraj glagola to be . Za Future Simple, stavite je između "will" i "be".
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple |
|---|---|---|
| I am not a student. | I was not there yesterday. | I will not be here tomorrow. |
| You are not from Poland. | You were not very nice to Martha. | You will not be happy there. |
| She is not from Argentina. | He was not Polish. She was not Polish. It was not Polish. | He will not be in London by Monday. She will not be in London by Monday. It will not be in London by Monday. |
| We are not friends. | We were not students at the time. | We will not be at the cinema by then. |
| They are not doctors. | They were not so tall last year. | They will not be surprised. |
Ako imate posla sa trajnim (progresivnim) i perfektnim vremenima, napišite "not" između glagola to be i "being" ili "been".
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
|---|---|
| I am not being silly. | I was not being rude. |
| You are not being yourself! | You were not being yourself. |
| He is not being naughty. She is not being naughty. It is not being naughty. | He was not being helpful. She was not being helpful. It was not being helpful. |
| We are not being the best siblings. | We were not being nice to her. |
| They are not being nice. | They were not being themselves. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
|---|---|
| I have not been completely honest with you. | I had not been there before. |
| You have not been to Spain yet. | You had not been fat before you met him. |
| He has not been happy ever since. She has not been happy ever since. It has not been happy ever since. | He had not been so naughty until we moved last year. She had not been so naughty until we moved last year. It had not been so naughty until we moved last year. |
| We have not been there this year. | We had not been to Montevideo before. |
| They have not been to an airport before. | They had not been there for long when Carlo showed up. |
Inače, sasvim je prihvatljivo skratiti i negativne i potvrdne tvrdnje (tj. tvrdnje koje ne koriste "not") pomoću kontrakcija. Za više o njima, pročitajte ovaj post:
Kontrakcije u engleskom su skraćeni oblici reči ili fraza, sa izostavljenim određenim slovima i zamenjenim apostrofom. Na primer, "do not" postaje…
Upitni oblici glagola “To Be”
Da biste napravili pitanja od glagola to be , samo zamenite mesta subjektu i glagolu to be . Ovo važi za Present Simple i Past Simple vremena. Za Future Simple, stavite subjekat između "will" i "be".
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple |
|---|---|---|
| Am I really so annoying? | Was I in the right place? | Will I be here tomorrow? |
| Are you from Venezuela? | Were you happy? | Will you be happy there? |
| Is he old? Is she old? Is it old? | Was he from Peru? Was she from Peru? Was it from Peru? | Will he be in London by Monday? Will she be in London by Monday? Will it be in London by Monday? |
| Are we happy? | Were we together back then? | Will we be at the cinema by then? |
| Are they firefighters? | Were they nice? | Will they be surprised? |
Ako imate posla sa trajnim (progresivnim) i perfektnim vremenima, uradite gorepomenutu zamenu, ali zadržite "being" ili "been" na istom mestu.
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
|---|---|
| Am I being reasonable here? | Was I being rude? |
| Are you being silly again? | Were you being yourself? |
| Is he being nice enough? Is she being nice enough? Is it being nice enough? | Was he being helpful? Was she being helpful? Was it being helpful? |
| Are we being considerate? | Were we being nice to her? |
| Are they being their best selves? | Were they being themselves? |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
|---|---|
| Have I been completely honest? | Had I been there before? |
| Have you been to Spain? | Had you been fat before you met him? |
| Has he been okay since the accident? Has she been okay since the accident? Has it been okay since the accident? | Had he been naughty before we moved last year? Had she been naughty before we moved last year? Had it been naughty before we moved last year? |
| Have we been there? | Had we been to Montevideo before? |
| Have they been to an airport before? | Had they been there for long before Carlo showed up? |
Posebni oblici glagola “To Be”: Van vremena
Sada znate glavna vremena glagola to be i kako se koriste. Ali postoji još mnogo toga da se nauči o ovom glagolu!
Sledeći "specijalci" su situacije u kojima se glagol to be koristi na specifične načine.
Statički (Stative) naspram dinamičkih (Dynamic) oblika
Glagol to be se ne viđa često u svom trajnom obliku (nastavak -ing). Kada se ipak pojavi, dobija neka veoma specifična značenja.
Uzmimo ovu rečenicu:
Anna is very helpful.
Imamo rečenicu u Present Simple-u, što znači da opisujemo Annu. Ona je uvek uslužna, i to je njena priroda. Ovo nazivamo statičkim oblikom glagola to be .
Sada pogledajte istu rečenicu, ali u Present Continuous-u:
Anna is being very helpful.
Odjednom, Ana nije uslužna osoba stalno, već samo ovaj put. Danas pomaže, ali inače ne pomaže. Ovo je dinamički oblik glagola.
Takođe možemo koristiti razliku između statičkih/dinamičkih oblika kada želimo da se žalimo na nekoga ili nešto:
| Primer rečenice | Vrsta glagola | Objašnjenje |
|---|---|---|
| Peter talks too much. | Statički | Ovo je opis ili izjava. |
| Peter is talking too much. | Dinamički | Ovo je pritužba. On je previše pričljiv danas. |
Upitni prilozi (Question Tags)
Upitni prilozi su mali "repovi" koji se dodaju na kraju rečenice. Imaju oblik pitanja i obično se koriste kada želimo da druga osoba da svoje mišljenje ili da se složi sa nama.
Ako je glavni glagol rečenice to be , upitni prilog će takođe sadržati oblik ovog glagola:
You are very happy here, aren’t you?
She isn’t pregnant, is she?
They were being silly, weren’t they?
Evo lekcije sa našeg YouTube kanala ako želite da naučite više o upitnim prilozima:
“To Be” i prilozi: Red reči
Jednostavno rečeno, prilozi su reči koje modifikuju (mijenjaju) prideve, glagole ili druge priloge. Daju informacije o mestu, vremenu, načinu i uzroku, između ostalog.
Kao pravilo, zapamtite da dodajete priloge posle glagola to be :
I am always happy.
She is never tired.
The house is still on sale.
Our neighbor is seldom home.
Međutim, ako u rečenici postoji particip (being ili been), trebalo bi da dodate prilog između promenljivog glagola i participa:
Mary has always been happy here.
They have never been here.
She is still being naughty!
Evo još jedne video lekcije za dodatnu praksu sa prilozima učestalosti:
Modalni glagoli i pasiv (Passive Voice)
Ovaj post ne pokriva detaljno modalne glagole, ali vredi pomenuti da se glagol to be može dodati između modalnog glagola i perfektnog participa drugog glagola:
These walls should be painted already.
It can’t be found anywhere.
Zapravo, rečenice koje uključuju "modalni glagol + be + perfektni particip" su pasivne rečenice. Evo još dva primera pasiva sa glagolom be :
He should be punished.
John may be injured.
Međutim, pasivne rečenice ne moraju uvek da uključuju modalni glagol, samo odgovarajući oblik glagola to be :
He was being carried.
The house has been sold.
We were told not to talk too much.
Imperativ (Zapovesti): Naredbe sa “To Be”
Verovatno već znate da uglavnom koristimo imperativ za komande i uputstva.
Ono što možda još ne znate je da takođe možemo koristiti glagol to be za ovo. Pogledajte neke primere:
Be quiet! / Don’t be so noisy!
Be humble! / Don’t be so arrogant!
Be my girlfriend, please.
Don’t be silly!
Ako želite da naučite više o davanju komandi na engleskom, možete pogledati ovaj video:
Izrazi koji koriste “To Be”
Do sada smo naučili mnogo o glagolu to be , ali ovaj post ne bi bio potpun bez liste izraza koji koriste glagol to be .
Evo najvažnijih/najčešćih:
| Izrazi koji koriste "To Be" | Značenje/Upotreba | Primer rečenice |
|---|---|---|
| To be + to | Koristite ovu formalnu konstrukciju kada želite da kažete da neko mora da uradi nešto u bliskoj budućnosti. Može biti jednako kao have to/must. | I am to finish the report by Monday. |
| To be + able to | Ova konstrukcija jednostavno znači "can". Koristimo je kada se oblici can i could ne mogu koristiti. Ovo se često dešava kada treba da napišemo rečenicu sa can u vremenu koje nije Present Simple ili Past Simple. | I have been able to finish on time. (Ne možemo reći I have canned to finish on time.) |
| To be + due to | Ovo se koristi kada želimo da kažemo da će se nešto desiti jer je bilo planirano. Uglavnom se koristi kada govorimo o rasporedima i redovima vožnje. | The plane is due to land at 7:30 p.m. |
| To be + about to | Koristite ovu konstrukciju kada želite da kažete da je nešto veoma blizu da se desi ili da će neko nešto da uradi veoma, veoma uskoro. | I am about to go to the grocery store. Do you need anything? |
| To be + likely to | Ovo znači da je moguće da će se nešto desiti u budućnosti. | It is likely to rain tomorrow. |
| To be + meant to | Koristite ovu konstrukciju kada želite da kažete da neko mora da uradi nešto. | He is meant to be back by 10 p.m. |
| To be + supposed to | Ovo se koristi kada treba da kažemo da neko treba da uradi nešto ili da se nešto treba desiti. | It is supposed to rain tomorrow. |
| To be + opisni pridevi | Koristite to be + opisni pridev da biste opisali ljude, životinje, mesta, itd. | She is very intelligent. |
| To be + late to To be + late for | Ova konstrukcija znači da neko nije, neće ili ne stiže na vreme negde. | I was late for the Spanish masterclass. |
| To be + sorry | Ovo je da se pokaže da je neko žao ili nije žao. | She is never sorry. |
| To be + mistaken | Ovo jednostavno znači "to be wrong" (biti u zabludi, ne imati pravo). | She heard the class was at 10, but she may be mistaken. |
| To be + for | Kada ste for nešto ili nekoga, dajete toj stvari ili toj osobi svoju podršku. | I am for peaceful protesting. |
| To be + against | Kada ste against nečemu ili nekome, ne dajete toj stvari ili toj osobi svoju podršku. | I am against discrimination of any kind. |
| To be + right | Ako je neko right, u pravu je u onome što misli. | Yes, you are right. We need to go back on foot. |
| To be + wrong | Ako je neko wrong, nije u pravu u onome što misli. | She was wrong all this time. |
Ne zaboravite da učvršćujete svoje učenje slušanjem izvornih govornika engleskog na sajtovima poput YouTube-a ili Lingflix-a.
Lingflix preuzima autentične video zapise—kao što su muzički spotovi, trejleri za filmove, vesti i inspirativni govori—i pretvara ih u personalizovane lekcije za učenje jezika.
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Sada imate sve informacije koje su vam potrebne da biste koristili is , am , are i druge glagole to be kao izvorni govornik engleskog.
Proučavajući ovaj glagol, pratite redosled u kojem je sadržaj ovog posta predstavljen. Postaje sve teži kako napredujete, ali je podeljen na delove (manje celine) da bi vaše učenje bilo malo manje stresno.
Biti, ili ne biti. To je pitanje.
A odgovor je: oba!
Ostanite radoznali, prijatelji moji. Kao i uvek, srećno učenje!
I još jedna stvar...
Ako volite da učite engleski kroz filmove i onlajn medije, takođe biste trebalo da pogledate Lingflix. Lingflix vam omogućava da učite engleski iz popularnih talk showova, privlačnih muzičkih spotova i smešnih reklama, kao što možete videti ovde:
Ako želite da ga gledate, Lingflix aplikacija ga verovatno ima.
Lingflix aplikacija i vebsajt čine veoma lakim gledanje video zapisa na engleskom. Postoje titlovi koji su interaktivni. To znači da možete da kliknete na bilo koju reč da biste videli sliku, definiciju i korisne primere.
Lingflix vam omogućava da učite kroz zanimljiv sadržaj sa svetski poznatim zvezdam.
Na primer, kada kliknete na reč "searching", vidite ovo:
Lingflix vam omogućava da kliknete da biste potražili bilo koju reč.
Naučite sav vokabular iz bilo kog videa pomoću kvizova. Povucite prstom levo ili desno da biste videli više primera za reč koju učite.
Lingflix vam pomaže da brzo učite pomoću korisnih pitanja i više primera. Saznajte više.
Najbolji deo? Lingflix pamti reči koje učite. Pruža vam dodatnu praksu sa teškim rečima—i podseća vas kada je vreme da ponovite ono što ste naučili. Imate zaista personalizovano iskustvo.
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