Iraganaldia vs. Iragan Partizipioa

Ingeles ikasle asko nahasten dira aditzaren iraganaldiko forma eta iragan partizipio formaren arteko aldeaz.

Ulergarria da zergatik. Azken finean, aditzaren bi formak askotan berdinak dira.

Baina ez izan beldurrik. Hemen nago zure laguntzeko.

Mezu hau amaitzerako, ulertu beharko zenuke iraganaldia eta aditzaren iragan partizipio formaren arteko argi eta garbi dauden desberdintasunak, askotan berdinak diruditen arren.

Iraganaldiaren eta Iragan Partizipioaren Arteko Aldea

Funtsean, iraganaldia benetako aditz-denbor bat da, eta iragan partizipioa aditzetik eratorritako forma bat da, eta hiru erabilera desberdin ditu.

Aditz iragan partizipioak ez dira denborak direnez, ezin dira modu autonomoan erabili. "have" edo "had" bezalako laguntza-aditz bat behar duzu. Horregatik, iragan partizipioa aditz konposatu gisa erabiltzen da normalean.

Iraganaldia, aldiz, aditz konjugatu bat da, zeinak ekintza bat iraganean gertatu dela edo aurrez existitu zela adierazten duen (baina jada ez).

Zer da Iraganaldia?

Iraganaldia hiru ingeles denboretako bat da:

• Iraganaldia
• Oraindaldia
• Etorkizuna

Denbora kontzeptu hau islatzen da aditzak konjugatzen ditugun moduan.

Denbora hauek lau forma desberdinetan banatu daitezke (sinplea, jarraitua, perfektua eta perfektu jarraitua). Iraganaldirako, honakoak dira:

• Iraganaldi sinplea (I went to Paris.)
• Iraganaldi jarraitua (I was studying when the phone rang.)
• Iraganaldi perfektua (I had eaten lunch by 11:00.)
• Iraganaldi perfektu jarraitua (I had been eating since I woke up last Tuesday.)

Iraganaldi Sinplea

Denbora hau erabiltzen duzu ekintza jadanik gertatu edo amaituta dagoenean.

• I ate a chicken sandwich.
• I went on a cruise last summer.

Iraganaldi Jarraitua

Hau erabiltzen dugu iraganeko zerbaiti erreferentzia egiteko, jadanik gertatu bada ere, oraindik gertatzen ari balitz bezala (normalean beste gertaera baten testuinguruan).

• I was eating a chicken sandwich when he called me.
• Sara was sunbathing when the rainstorm started.

"-ing" aditzak gertatzen ari den ekintzaren inpresioa ematen digu, eta "was"-ek iraganean gertatu zela esan nahi du.

Iraganaldi Perfektua

Normalean hau erabiltzen dugu denbora zehatz baten edo beste gertaera baten aurretik jadanik burututako gertaerei buruz hitz egiteko.

• I had eaten a chicken sandwich that my mother had made for me.
• The package had been delivered before I got home.

"had" aditza eta "eaten" aditz-forma zehatza (partizipio-forma) elkarrekin erabiltzeak iraganaldi perfektuan dagoela esaten digu.

Iraganaldi Perfektu Jarraitua

Azkenik, aditz-forma hau erabiltzen dugu beste gertaera bat gertatu arte oraindik gertatzen ari zen ekintza bati erreferentzia egiteko.

• I had been eating chicken sandwiches from the local diner until I learned to cook on my own.
• She had been studying for hours before she finally understood the concept.

Zer da Iragan Partizipioa?

Iragan partizipioa —ingelesez bi partizipiotako bat— aditzetan oinarritutako hitz-forma bat da, eta hiru erabilera ditu:

• denbora perfektuak osatzeko
• adjetibo gisa
• pasiboa osatzeko

Iragan Partizipioa eta Iraganaldi Perfektua

Iraganaldi perfektuko aditz-sintagma bat osatzeko, laguntza-aditz bat (had) eta iragan partizipiozko hitz bat behar dituzu, adibide hauetan bezala:

• She had already eaten dinner when I arrived at her house.
• The train had departed by the time we reached the station.
• They had finished the project before the deadline.
• By the time he woke up, his friends had already left .
• The movie had already started when we got to the theater.

Ikus dezakezenez adibide hauetako batzuetan, "had" eta iragan partizipioaren artean batzuetan adberbio bat egon daiteke, hala nola "already".

Iragan Partizipioa eta Pasiboa

Iragan partizipioak pasiboa osatzeko ere erabil daitezke. Forma hau askotan erabiltzen da idazkera akademikoan, edo esaldi bateko agentea/gai nagusia, edo ekintza nagusia burutzen duen pertsona edo gauza, nabarmendu gabe uzteko.

Pasiboa osatzeko, iragan partizipioa "was" edo "were" -rekin konbinatuta erabiltzen da.

• The car was driven by Max.
• The houses were built in the 19th century.
• The painting was admired by many visitors at the art exhibition.
• The project was completed ahead of schedule.

Hemen freska dezakezu zure memoria aktiboaren eta pasiboaren arteko aldeei buruz.

Iragan Partizipioa Adjektibo gisa

Iragan partizipioak adjetibo gisa ere erabil daitezke. Horretarako, iraganaldi perfektuan dauden forma berean daude.

• The broken vase lay shattered on the floor.
• The excited children ran to the playground.
• The stolen jewels were recovered by the police.
• She was wearing a beautiful embroidered dress.
• The exhausted hiker collapsed onto the ground.

Iragan Partizipioa Osatzea

Iragan partizipioa osatzea nahiko erraza da, salbu eta irregularrak nahiko asko daudela.

Iragan Partizipio Erregularrak

Aditz gehienentzat, aditzaren iraganaldi sinplea eta iragan partizipio formak berdinak dira, beraz seguru aski badakizu nola osatzen diren.

Besterik gabe gehitu "-ed" atzizkia (edo "-d" hitza jada "e" hizkiarekin amaitzen bada).

Infinitiboa (Aditz Erregularra)	Iraganaldia eta Iragan Partizipioa	Esaldi Adibidea
dream	dreamed	Last night, I dreamed about flying through the clouds.
learn	learned	In college, I learned how to speak French fluently.
listen	listened	Yesterday, I listened to my favorite podcast while I was cooking dinner.
nap	napped	After lunch, I napped for an hour to recharge my energy.
play	played	We played board games all night during the weekend.
talk	talked	Last week, we talked for hours about our childhood memories.
travel	traveled	They traveled to Europe last summer and explored many beautiful cities.
walk	walked	She walked along the beach and enjoyed the soothing sound of the waves.
watch	watched	We watched a thrilling movie at the cinema last night.

Iragan Partizipio Irregularrak

Hala ere, beste iragan partizipio batzuk modu desberdinean osatzen dira, eta batzuk ez dira beren iraganaldiko formaren antzekoak.

Partizipio irregularrek ez dute eredu zehatzik jarraitzen, eta hainbat amaiera desberdin izan ditzakete, hala nola: "-en," "-n," "-ne" eta "-t."

Infinitiboa (Aditz Irregularra)	Iraganaldia	Esaldi Adibidea
awake	awoke	She awoke to the sound of birds chirping outside her window.
begin	began	The concert began with a dazzling light show.
break	broke	He accidentally broke the vase while cleaning the room.
come	came	The news came as a surprise to everyone.
choose	chose	After much contemplation, she chose the blue dress for the party.
do	did	Despite the challenges, they did their best to complete the project on time.
drink	drank	After a long day at work, he sat down and drank a refreshing glass of water.
drive	drove	She drove carefully along the winding mountain road.
eat	ate	They ate a delicious meal at their favorite restaurant.
fall	fell	The leaves fell from the trees as autumn arrived.
fly	flew	The eagle flew gracefully across the sky.
forget	forgot	Unfortunately, he forgot to bring his passport to the airport.
freeze	froze	The lake froze over during the harsh winter.
go	went	They went on a spontaneous road trip to explore new places.
grow	grew	The small seed grew into a tall and sturdy oak tree.
have	had	They had a wonderful time at the beach during their vacation.
is	was were	The weather was perfect for a picnic in the park.
make	made	She made a beautiful handmade card for her friend's birthday.
run	ran	He ran a marathon and achieved a personal best time.
see	saw	She saw a breathtaking sunset over the ocean.
sing	sang	The choir sang a captivating melody during the concert.
sink	sank	The ship sank after hitting an iceberg.
take	took	He took a photograph to capture the moment.
write	wrote	She wrote a heartfelt letter to express her gratitude.

Iragan partizipio irregularrak ikasteko modurik onena buruz ikastea da. Hona hemen aditz irregular batzuk gehiago beren iraganaldiko eta iragan partizipio formetan.

Infinitiboa	Iraganaldia	Iragan Partizipioa
Awake	Awoke	Awoken
Drive	Drove	Driven
Fly	Flew	Flown
See	Saw	Seen
Take	Took	Taken
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten
Grow	Grew	Grown
Fall	Fell	Fallen
Sink	Sank	Sunk

Ados, hori da. Orain badakizkizu iraganaldiaren eta iragan partizipioaren arteko aldeak, eta modu autonomoan sor ditzakezu, ezta?

Praktikatzeko, bilatu artikulu bat linean eta saiatu aurkitzen uste duzun hitz batzuk iraganaldikoak edo partizipioak direla. Ondoren, asmatu zein motatako hitz diren.

Erabilian dauden adibideak ere aurki ditzakezu ingeles bideoetan. Entzun arretaz biak nola eta noiz osatzen diren.

Praktikak perfekzioa egiten du, edo hobeto esanda: "Praktika zorrotzaren bidez, ikasleak iragan partizipioa menderatu zuen, berriro frogatuz praktikak perfekzioa egiten duela."